高级医学英语阅读与写作Chapter two
2012-06-02 22:49:01 来源：37度医学网 作者： 评论：0 点击：
ead to the side and listen for the out-rush of air which indicates an air exchange. Repeat the process…
Informative explanation
Bill
First reading
Second reading
Third reading
A law which is being proposed is called a ‘Bill’ until it is passed; then it becomes an ‘Act’ of Parliament. The Bill first of all goes through its first reading. This just means that the title of the Bill is announced and a time is set for it to be discussed. The second reading is really a debate. The Bill may be rejected at this stage. If it is an important Bill this may cause the government to resign. On the other hand, it may be passed, or there may be no vote. If this happens, it goes on to the committee stage where a small group of members (perhaps between 30 and 50) meet and discuss it in detail. (For certain important Bill the whole House can turn itself into a committee which means that the detailed discussion is carried on by all the members.) When the committee has finished its work it reports the Bill, with all the changes that have been made, to the House. The Bill is discussed again at this stage and more changes can be made. This is called the report stage. Then the Bill is taken for its third reading which is a debate, just like the second reading. A vote is taken and the Bill is either passed or rejected. If it is passed, it goes to the ‘other house’— i.e. not the one it was started in. So if the Bill started in the House of Commons, it would go at this point to the House of
Lords. When the Bill has been passed by both Houses, it goes to the Queen for the Royal Assent. A Bill many not become law until the Royal Assent has been given, but this does not mean that the Queen decide on what will become law and what will not. It is understood that the Queen will always accept Bills which have been passed by both Houses. When the Queen gives her assent, the Bill becomes an Act, and everyone that it affects must obey the new law.
— Michael J. Wallace
First reading
Second reading
Third reading
A law which is being proposed is called a ‘Bill’ until it is passed; then it becomes an ‘Act’ of Parliament. The Bill first of all goes through its first reading. This just means that the title of the Bill is announced and a time is set for it to be discussed. The second reading is really a debate. The Bill may be rejected at this stage. If it is an important Bill this may cause the government to resign. On the other hand, it may be passed, or there may be no vote. If this happens, it goes on to the committee stage where a small group of members (perhaps between 30 and 50) meet and discuss it in detail. (For certain important Bill the whole House can turn itself into a committee which means that the detailed discussion is carried on by all the members.) When the committee has finished its work it reports the Bill, with all the changes that have been made, to the House. The Bill is discussed again at this stage and more changes can be made. This is called the report stage. Then the Bill is taken for its third reading which is a debate, just like the second reading. A vote is taken and the Bill is either passed or rejected. If it is passed, it goes to the ‘other house’— i.e. not the one it was started in. So if the Bill started in the House of Commons, it would go at this point to the House of
Royal assent
Act
Lords. When the Bill has been passed by both Houses, it goes to the Queen for the Royal Assent. A Bill many not become law until the Royal Assent has been given, but this does not mean that the Queen decide on what will become law and what will not. It is understood that the Queen will always accept Bills which have been passed by both Houses. When the Queen gives her assent, the Bill becomes an Act, and everyone that it affects must obey the new law.
— Michael J. Wallace
Indicators of process organization
to begin with
first (of all) the first stage/step at this stage
second the second stage/step at that time
next …
then the last stage/step
later
finally (last)
III. Writing the concluding sentence
Just like the topic sentence, a concluding sentence or ending is no less important than other parts of writing. Then the conclusion has two essential functions: to imply "the essay is finished," and to give the reader the deepest impression. Its length varies according to the essay's length. For a paragraph, the last sentence may serve as the end, while a long composition of 1,000 words may require a concluding paragraph (which will be discussed in Chapter 4) to sum up the main idea and help the reader to remember it. This chapter focuses on writing a concluding sentence. Several commonly used techniques are as follows:
Restatement (summary) Result
Recommendation Prediction
Quotation
Restatement
Restatement or returning to the beginning is the most common type of conclusion, in which the main idea is stated again but in different words. Having set up a topic sentence, the writer swings back to it in the end of the paragraph in different words, completing the circle. It reinforces the main point the writer is trying to make in the paragraph. Consider the following paragraph in which the last sentence repeats the idea in the first sentence.
Many people think that athletes and musicians are quite different, but I have analyzed their characteristics, and I have found many similarities between them.
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