英语六级阅读备考技巧及词汇总结(2)
2009-05-26 20:36:34   来源：   作者：  评论：0 点击：

　　★同义转换的正确选项：

　　一、同义词

　　二、句式

　　三、双重否定

　　★错误选项特征：

　　一、绝对的

　　二、长得像的——断章取义

　　三、跨段

　　四、难词——杯弓蛇影

　　36. Which of the following is within the capacity of the artificial nose being developed?

　　A) Monitoring food processing.

　　B) Performing physical examinations. 跨段

　　C) Locating places which attract terrorists. 难词

　　D) Detecting drugs and water contamination.

        37.A potential problem which might be caused by the use of an artificial nose is _______.

　　A) negligence of public safety

　　B) a hazard to physical health

　　C) a threat to individual privacy

　　D) an abuse of personal freedom

　　38.The word “logged” (Line 5, Para. 7)most probably means “______ “.

　　A) preset

　　B) simulated

　　C) entered

　　D) processed

　　39. To produce artificial noses for practical use, it is essential ______.

　　A) to invent chips sensitive to various chemicals

　　B) to develop microchips with thousands of odor receptors

　　C) to design a computer program to sort out smells

　　D) to find chemicals that can alter the electrical current passing through

　　There's simple premise behind what Larry Myers does for a living: If you can smell it, you can find it.

　　Myers is the founder of Aubum University's Institute for Biological Detection Systems, the main task of which is to chase the ultimate in detection devices - an artificial nose.

　　For now, the subject of their research is little more than a stack of gleaming chips tucked away in a laboratory drawer. But soon, such a tool could be hanging from the belts of police, arson(纵火)investigators and food - safety inspectors.

　　The technology that they are working in would suggest quite reasonably that, within three to five years, we'll have some workable sensors ready to use. Such devices might find wide use in places that attract terrorists. Police could detect drugs, bodies and bombs hidden in cars, while food inspectors could easily test food and water for contamination.

　　The implications for revolutionary advances in public safety and the food industry are astonishing. But so, too ,are the possibilities for abuse; Such machines could determine whether a woman is ovulating(排卵),without a physical exam - or even her knowledge.

　　One of the traditional protectors of American liberty is that is has been impossible to search everyone. That's getting not to be the case.

　　Artificial biosensors created at Auburn work totally differently from anything ever seen before. Aroma Scan, for example, is a desktop machine based on a bank of chips sensitive to specific chemicals that evaporate into the air. As air is sucked into the machine, chemicals pass over the sensor surfaces and produce changes in the electrical current flowing through them. Those current changes are logged into a computer that sorts out odors based on their electrical signatures.

　　Myers says they expect to load a single fingernail - size chip with thousands of odor receptors(感受器), enough to create a sensor that's nearly as sensitive as a dog's nose.

　　31.In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is________.

　　A) wrong

　　B) oversimplified

　　C) misleading

　　D) unclear

　　注：文章第一句

　　32.Professor Charles R. Schwenk's research shows________.

　　A) the advantages and disadvantages of conflict

　　B) the real value of conflict

　　C) the difficulty in determining the optimal level of conflict

　　D) the complexity of defining the roles of conflict

　　注：文章第二段

         33.We can learn from Schwenk's research that________.

　　A) a person’s view of conflict is influenced by the purpose of his organization

　　B) conflict is necessary for managers of for-profit organizations

　　C) different people resolve conflicts in different ways

　　D) it is impossible for people to avoid conflict

　　注：文章第三段

　　34.The passage suggests that in for - profit organizations_______.

　　A) there is no end of conflict

　　B) expression of different opinions is encouraged

　　C) decisions must be justifiable

　　D) success lies in general agreement

　　注：文章第四段，justifiable合法化

　　35.People working in a not - for - profit organization________.

　　A) seem to be difficult to satisfy

　　B) are free to express diverse opinions

　　C) are less effective in making decisions

　　D) find it easier to reach agreement

　　注：C和D出现比较级，不选

　　Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy (冷漠) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way.

　　Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations.

　　Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict.

　　Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators.

　　In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.

        ★Lesson9★

　　36. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that_______.

　　A) contains plenty of nutrients

　　B) renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitamins

　　C) makes foods easily digestible

　　D) makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious

　　37.The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be_______.

　　A) commercially useless

　　B) just as anticipated

　　C) somewhat controversial

　　D) quite unexpected

　　38.Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that_______.

　　A) it passes through the intestines without being absorbed

　　B) it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the body

　　C) it helps reduce the incidence of heart disease

　　D) it prevents excessive intake of vitamins

　　39.What is a possible negative effect of olesira according to some critics?

　　A) It may impair the digestive system.

　　B) It may affect the overall fat intake.

　　C) It may increase the risk of cancer.

　　D) It may spoil the consumers' appetite.

　　40.Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olesira?

　　A) It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins.

　　B) People may be induced to eat more than is necessary.

　　C) The function of the intestines may be weakened. 跨段

　　D) It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.

　　Imagine eating everything delicious you want - with none of the fat. That would be great, wouldn't it?

　　New “fake fat” products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods. Critics, however, say the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients (营养物) and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it's up to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.

　　注：eliminate消除

　　Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can't be digested at all.

　　Normally, special chemicals in the intestines (肠)“grab” molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecule of substances called fatty acids.

　　The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E, and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream.

　　Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers say it's that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids (类胡萝卜素), compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.

        　Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E, and K as well as carotenoids to their products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.

　　简短回答题评分原则及标准

　　1. 评分原则

　　简答题要求考生在读懂文章的基础上，用正确简洁的语言回答问题。在评分时应同时考虑内容和语言。每题满分为2分，最低为0分。

　　2. 给分标准

　　2分--答出全部内容，语言正确;

　　1分--答出部分内容，语言正确;

　　0分--没有答对问题。

　　扣分标准

　　(1)语言有错误扣0.5分(不包括引起歧义的，可以辨识的拼写错误)，每题由于语言错误扣分不能超过0.5分;

　　(2)涉及无关内容者扣0.5分;其答案中有相互矛盾的内容，则内容矛盾的部分均不得分;

　　(3)整句原封不动照搬应扣分;照搬一句扣0.5分;照搬两句及两句以上者扣2分;

　　(4)考生所给答案超过10个单词扣0.5分。

　　Part IV Short Answer Questions (15 minutes)

　　Joe Templer should have known better: after all, he works for a large auto-insurance company. It won't hurt to leave the key in the truck this once, he thought, as he filled his gas tank at a self-service gas station. But moments latter as he was paying the money he saw the truck being driven away.

　　In 1987, 1.6 million motor vehicles were stolen in the United States-one every 20 seconds. If current trends continue, experts predict annual vehicle thefts could exceed two million by the end of the decade.

　　Vehicle theft is a common phenomenon, which has a direct impact on over four million victims a year. The cost is astonishing.

　　Many police officials blame professional thieves for the high volume of thefts. It is a major money-maker for organized crime. Typically, stolen cars are taken to pieces and the parts sold to individuals. But as many as 200.000 cars are smuggled out of the country every year. Most go to Latin America, the Middle East and Europe.

　　Only about 15 percent car thefts result in an arrest, because few police departments routinely conduct in-depth auto-investigations. When thieves are arrested, judges will often sentence them to probation (缓刑), not immediately put them in prison because the prisons are overcrowded with violent criminals.

　　One exception is a Michigan program that assigns 92 police officers to work full-time on the state's 65,000 car theft cases a year. Since 1986, when the effort began, the state's auto-theft rate has fallen from second in the nation to ninth.

　　How can you protect your car? If you live in a high-theft area or drive an expensive model, consider a security system. It may cost anywhere from $25 to $1,000. Some systems engage automatically - simply removing the key disables the fuel pump the fuel pump and the starter. When cars are equipped with such systems, thefts may drop by one-third. In some states, you may be able to sue a device that transmits radio signals, allowing stolen cars to be tracked by police.

　　Questions:

　　71. What is the passage mainly about?

　　________________________________________________________

　　72. What does the author think Joe Templer should be blamed for?

　　Leaving the key in the truck

　　73. How serious did the author predict the annual vehicle theft could in the United States in 1989?

　　________________________________________________________

　　74. What are the two ways thieves sell the stolen cars?

　　________________________________________________________

　　75. What type of security system can help the police track down a stolen car?

　　________________________________________________________

        ★Lesson10★

　　21.What brought about the decline in the demand for American farm products?

　　A) The impact of the Great Depression.

　　B) The shrinking of overseas markets.

　　C) The destruction caused by the First World War.

　　D) The increased exports of European countries.

　　22.The chief concern of the American government in the area of agriculture in the 1920s was ______.

　　A) to increase farm production

　　B) to establish agricultural laws

　　C) to prevent farmers from going bankrupt

　　D) to promote the mechanization of agriculture

　　23.The Agricultural Adjustment Act encouraged American farmers to ______.

　　A) reduce their scale of production

　　B) make full use of their land

　　C) adjust the prices of their farm products

　　D) be self-sufficient in agricultural production

　　24.The Supreme Court rejected the Agricultural Adjustment Act because it believed that the Act ______.

　　A) might cause greater scarcity of farm products

　　B) didn't give the Secretary of Agriculture enough power

　　C) would benefit neither the government nor the farmers

　　D) benefited one group of citizens at the expense of others

　　25.It was claimed that the new laws passed during the Roosevelt Administration were aimed at ______.

　　A) reducing the cost of farming

　　B) conserving soil in the long-term interest of the nation

　　C) lowering the burden of farmers

　　D) helping farmers without shifling the burden onto other taxpayers

　　In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity (紧缩) programs to reduce their imports. The result was a sharp drop in farm prices. This period was more disastrous for farmers than earlier times had been, because farmers were no longer self-sufficient. They were paying for machinery, seed, and fertilizer, and they were also buying consumer goods. The prices of the items farmers bought remained constant, while prices they received for their products fell. These developments were made worse by the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and extended throughout the 1939s.

　　In 1929, under President Herbert Hoover, the Federal Farm Board was organized. It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it represented the first national commitment to provide greater economic stability for farmers.

　　President Hoover's successor attached even more importance to this problem. One of the first measures proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he took office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which was subsequently passed by Congress. This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce production through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices. This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the grounds that general taxes were being collected to pay one special group of people. However, new laws were passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and providing flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation. The Roosevelt Administration believed that rebuilding the nation's soil was in the national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens. Later the government guaranteed loans to farmers so that they could buy farm machinery, hybrid (杂交) grain, and fertilizers.

       26.The author says that the powerful computers of today ______.

　　A) are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an object

　　B) are close to exhibiting humanlike behavior

　　C) are not very different in their performance from those of the 50's

　　D) still cannot communicate with people in a human language

　　27.The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from ______.

　　A) the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objects

　　B) the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step programs

　　C) the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old child

　　D) the efforts made by scientists in the study of the similarities between transistors and brain cells

　　28.Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to ______.

　　A) find a roundabout way to design powerful computers

　　B) build a computer using a clever network of switches

　　C) find out how intelligence developed in nature

　　D) separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought

　　29.What's the author's opinion about the new AI movement?

　　A) It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon die out.

　　B) It's a breakthrough in duplicating human thought processes.

　　C) It's more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effort.

　　D) It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future prospects.

　　30.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase "the only game in town" (Line 3, Para. 4)?

　　A) The only approach to building an artificially intelligent computer.

　　B) The only way for them to win a prize in artificial intelligence research.

　　C) The only area worth studying in computer science.

　　D) The only game they would like to play in town.

[NextPage]

In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, they're nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.

　　A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.

        Imitating the brain's neural (神经的) network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. "People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors", he explains, "but it's not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves." Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brain's capabilities stem from the pattern recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills.

　　Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town.

        ★Lesson11★

　　11. A new study on birds' sleep has revealed that ____________.

　　A) half-brain sleep is found in a wide variety of birds

　　B) half-brain sleep is characterized by slow brain waves

　　C) birds can control their half-brain sleep consciously

　　D) birds seldom sleep with the whole of their brain at rest

　　12. According to the passage, birds often half sleep because ______________.

　　A) they have to watch out for possible attacks

　　B) their brain hemisphere take turns to rest 跨段

　　C) the two halves of their brain are differently structured 没

　　D) they have to constantly keep an eye on their companions 反

　　13. The example of a bird sleeping in front of a mirror indicates that _____________.

　　A) the phenomenon of birds dozing in pairs is widespread

　　B) birds prefer to sleep in pairs for the sake of security

　　C) even an imagined companion gives the bird a sense of security

　　D) a single pet bird enjoys seeing its own reflection in the mirror

　　14. While sleeping, some water mammals tend to keep half awake in order to __________.

　　A) alert themselves to the approaching enemy

　　B) emerge from water now and then to breathe

　　C) be sensitive to the ever-changing environment

　　D) avoid being swept away by rapid currents

　　15. By "just the tip of the iceberg" (Line 2, Para.8), Siegel suggests that ____________.

　　A) half-brain sleep has something to do with icy weather

　　B) the mystery of half-brain sleep is close to being solved

　　C) most birds living in cold regions tend to be half sleepers

　　D) half-brain sleep is a phenomenon that could exist among other species

　　Birds that are literally half-asleep-with one brain hemisphere alert and the other sleeping-control which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of sleeping ducks.

　　Earlier studies have documented half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere's eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once.

　　Earlier studies have documented half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere's eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once.

　　Decades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the more vulnerable, end-of-the-row sleepers, Sure enough, the end birds tended to watch carefully on the side away from their companions. Ducks in the inner spots showed no preference for gaze direction.

　　Also, birds dozing(打盹)at the end of the line resorted to single-hemisphere sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did. Rotaing 16 birds through the positions in a four-duck row, the researchers found outer birds half-asleep during some 32 percent of dozing time versus about 12 percent for birds in internal spots.

　　"We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep and wakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain," the researchers say.

　　The results provide the best evidence for a long-standing supposition that single-hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference for opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts. He's seen it in a pair of birds dozing side-by-side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by mirror. The mirror-side eye closed as if the reflection were a companion and the other eye stayed open.

        Useful as half-sleeping might be, it's only been found in birds and such water mammals(哺乳动物)as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning.

　　Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UGLA says he wonders if birds' half-brain sleep "is just the tip of the iceberg(冰山)". He speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species.

　　16. Which of the following is evidence that TT is widely practiced?

　　A) TT has been in existence for decades.

　　B) Many patients were cured by therapeutic touch.

　　C) TT therapists are often employed by leading hospitals.

　　D) More than 100,000 people are undergoing TT treatment.

　　注：D为迷惑选项数字必转化，C对应第二段末句。

　　17. Very few TT practitioners responded to the $1 million offer because ____________.

　　A) they didn't take the offer seriously

　　B) they didn't want to risk their career

　　C) they were unwilling to reveal their secret

　　D) they thought it was not in line with their practice

　　注：争议题，B、C皆可。

　　18. The purpose of Emily Rosa's experiment was ____________.

　　A) to see why TT could work the way it did

　　B) to find out how TT cured patient's illness

　　C) to test whether she could sense the human energy field

　　D) to test whether a human energy field really existed

　　注：对应文章第三段首句

　　19. Why did some TT practitioners agree to be the subjects of Emily's experiment?

　　A) It involved nothing more than mere guessing.

　　B) They thought it was going to be a lot of fun.

　　C) It was more straightforward than other experiments.

　　D) They sensed no harm in a little girl's experiment.

　　注：对应文章第三段末句，no harm对应innocent，little girl对应fourth-grade

　　20. What can we learn from the passage?

　　A) Some widely accepted beliefs can be deceiving.

　　B) Solid evidence weighs more than pure theories.

　　C) Little children can be as clever as trained TT practitioners.

　　D) The principle of TT is too profound to understand.

　　A nine-year-old schoolgirl single-handedly cooks up a science-fair experiment that ends up debunking(揭穿...的真相)a widely practiced medical treatment. Emily Rosa's target was a practice known as therapeutic(治疗)touch (TT for short), whose advocates manipulate patients' "energy field" to make them feel better and even, say some, to cure them of various ills. Yet Emily's test shows that these energy fields can't be detected, even by trained TT practitioners(行医者). Obviously mindful of the publicity value of the situation, Journal editor George Lundberg appeared on TV to declare, "Age doesn't matter. It's good science that matters, and this is good science."

           Emily's mother Linda Rosa, a registered nurse, has been campaigning against TT for nearly a decade. Linda first thought about TT in the late '80s, when she learned it was on the approved list for continuing nursing education in Colorado. Its 100,000 trained practitioners (48,000 in the U.S.) don't even touch their patients. Instead, they waved their hands a few inches from the patient's body, pushing energy fields around until they're in "balance." TT advocates say these manipulations can help heal wounds, relieve pain and reduce fever. The claims are taken seriously enough that TT therapists are frequently hired by leading hospitals, at up to $70 an hour, the smooth patients' energy, sometimes during surgery.

　　Yet Rosa could not find any evidence that it works. To provide such proof, TT therapists would have to sit down for independent testing-something they haven't been eager to do, even though James Randi has offered more than $1 million to anyone who can demonstrate the existence of a human energy field. (He's had one taker so far. She failed.) A skeptic might conclude that TT practitioners are afraid to lay their beliefs on the line. But who could turn down an innocent fourth-grader? Says Emily: "I think they didn't take me very seriously because I'm a kid."

　　The experiment was straightforward: 21 TT therapists stuck their hands, palms up, through a screen. Emily held her own hand over one of theirs-left or right-and the practitioners had to say which hand it was. When the results were recorded, they'd done no better than they would have by simply guessing. if there was an energy field, they couldn't feel it.

　　21. We learn from the first paragraph that two systems of automated highways __________.

　　A) are being planned

　　B) are being modified

　　C) are now in wide use

　　D) are under construction

　　注：on the drawing borad就是planned

　　22. A special-purpose lane system is probably advantageous in that ________________.

　　A) it would require only minor changes to existing highways

　　B) it would achieve the greatest highway traffic efficiency

　　C) it has a lane for both automated and partially automated vehicles

　　D) it offers more lanes for automated vehicles

　　注：A选项说反了

　　23. Which of the following is true about driving on an automated highway?

　　A) Vehicles traveling on it are assigned different lanes according to their destinations.

　　B) A car can join existing traffic any time in a mixed lane system.

　　C) The driver should inform his car computer of his destination before driving onto it.

　　D) The driver should share the automated lane with those f regular vehicles.

　　注：对应第二段开头

　　24. We know form the passage that a car can enter a special-purpose lane _____________.

　　A) by smoothly merging with cars on the conventional lane

　　B) by way of a ramp with electronic control devices

　　C) through a specially guarded gate

　　D) after all trespassers are identified and removed

　　注：争议题

　　25. When driving in an automated lane, the driver ___________.

　　A) should harmonize with newly entering cars

　　B) doesn't have to rely on his computer system

　　C) should watch out for potential accidents

　　D) doesn't have to hold not to the steering wheel

         　注：文章最后一段

　　What might driving on an automated highway be like? The answer depends on what kind of system is ultimately adopted. Two distinct types are on the drawing board. The first is a special-purpose lane system, in which certain lanes are reserved for automated vehicles. The second is a mixed traffic system: fully automated vehicles would share the road with partially automated or manually driven cars. A special-purpose land system would require more extensive physical modifications to existing highways, but it promises the greatest gains in freeway(高速公路)capacity.

　　Under either scheme, the driver would specify the desired destination, furnishing this information to a computer in the car at the beginning of the trip or perhaps just before reaching the automated highway. If a mixed traffic system was in place, automated driving could begin whenever the driver was on suitably equipped roads. If special-purpose lanes were available, the car could enter them and join existing traffic in two different ways. One method would use a special onramp(入口引道). As the driver approached the point of entry for the highway, devices installed on the roadside would electronically check the vehicle to determine its destination and to ascertain that it had the proper automation equipment in good working order. Assuming it passed such tests, the driver would then be guided through a gate and toward an automated lane. In this case, the transition from manual to automated control would take place on the entrance ramp. An alternative technique could employ conventional lanes, which would be shared by automated and regular vehicles. The driver would steer onto the highway and move in normal fashion to a "transition" lane. The vehicle would then shift under computer control onto a lane reserved for automated traffic. (The limitation of these lanes to automated traffic would presumably be well respected, because all trespassers(非法进入者)could be swiftly identified by authorities.)

　　Either approach to joining a lane of automated traffic would harmonize the movement of newly entering vehicles with those already traveling. Automatic control here should allow for smooth merging, without the usual uncertainties and potential for accidents. and once a vehicle had settled into automated travel, the drive would be free to release the wheel, open the morning paper or just relax.

　　26. According to the author, the conventional notion of intelligence measured n terms of one's ability to read, write and compute _____________.

　　A) is a widely held but wrong concept

　　B) will help eliminate intellectual prejudice

　　C) is the root of all mental distress

　　D) will contribute to one's self-fulfillment

　　注：作者态度题，应该选负选项

　　27. It is implied in the passage that holding a university degree _____________.

　　A) may result in one's inability to solve complex real-life problems

　　B) does not indicate one's ability to write properly worded documents

　　C) may make one mentally sick and physically weak

　　D) does not meat that one is highly intelligent

　　28. The author thinks that an intelligent person knows _____________.

　　A) how to put up with some very prevalent myths

　　B) how to find the best way to achieve success in life

　　C) how to avoid depression and make his life worthwhile

　　D) how to persuade others to compromise

　　注：对应第二段第一句话

　　29. In the last paragraph, the author tells us that _____________.

　　A) difficulties are but part of everyone's life

　　B) depression and unhappiness are unavoidable in life反

　　C) everybody should learn to avoid trying circumstances反

　　D) good feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence

　　30. According to the passage, what kind of people are rare?

　　A) Those who don't emphasize bookish excellence in their pursuit of happiness.

　　B) Those who are aware of difficulties in life but know how to avoid unhappiness.

　　C) Those who measure happiness by an absence of problems but seldom suffer form N. B. D.'s.

　　D) Those who are able to secure happiness though having to struggle against trying circumstances.

        注：文章最后一句

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　Taking charge of yourself involves putting to rest some very prevalent myths. At the top of the list is the notion that intelligence is measured by your ability to solve complex problems; to read, write and compute at certain levels, and to resolve abstract equations quickly. This vision of intelligence asserts formal education and bookish excellence as the true measures of self-fulfillment. It encourages a kind of intellectual prejudice that has brought with it some discouraging results. We have come to believe that someone who has more educational merit badges, who is very good at some form of school discipline is "intelligent." Yet mental hospitals are filled with patients who have all of the properly lettered certificates. A truer indicator of intelligence is an effective, happy life lived each day and each present moment of every day.

　　If you are happy, if you live each moment for everything it's worth, then you are an intelligent person. Problem solving is a useful help to your happiness, but if you know that given your inability to resolve a particular concern you can still choose happiness for yourself, or at a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness, then you are intelligent. You are intelligent because you have the ultimate weapon against the big N. B. D-Nervous Break Down.

　　"Intelligent" people do not have N. B. D.'s because they are in charge of themselves. They know how to choose happiness over depression, because they know how go deal with the problems of their lives.

　　You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises are a part of what it means to be human Similarly, money, growing old, sickness, deaths natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make it, to avoid immobilizing depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N. B. D. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don't measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also, the most rare.

　　★Lesson12★

　　21. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably ______________.

　　A) stand still

　　B) jump aside

　　C) step forward

　　D) draw back

　　注：对应文章第二段

　　22. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ___________.

　　A) cultural self-centeredness

　　B) casual manners

　　C) indifference toward foreign visitors

　　D) arrogance towards other cultures

　　注：对应文章第四段首句

　　23. In countries other than their own most Americans _______________.

　　A) are isolated by the local people

　　B) are not well informed due to the language barrier

　　C) tend to get along well with the natives

　　D) need interpreters in hotels and restaurants

　　注：对应文章第五段，inform对应information

　　24. According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will ____________.

　　A) affect their image in the new era

　　B) cut themselves off from the outside world

　　C) limit their role in world affairs

　　D) weaken the position of the US dollar

        注：对应倒数第二段

　　25. The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that ________.

　　A) it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends

　　B) it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs

　　C) it is necessary to use several languages in public places

　　D) it is time to get acquainted with other cultures

　　注：B反了

　　Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.

　　Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away form others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.

　　Our linguistic(语言上的)and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.

　　Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual(多语的)guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.

　　When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives-usually the richer-who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.

　　For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.

　　But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.

　　26. What makes women blind to the deceptive nature of high heels?

　　A) The multi-functional use of high heels.

　　B) Their attempt to show off their status.

　　C) The rich variety of high heel styles.

　　D) Their wish to improve their appearance.

　　注：B选项show off炫耀，C是迷惑选项。

　　27. The author's presentation of the positive side of high heels is meant ______________.

　　A) to be ironic

　　B) to poke fun at women

　　C) to be fair to the fashion industry

　　D) to make his point convincing

　　注：讽刺意味的

　　28. The author uses the expression "those babies" (Line 3, Para.2) to refer to high heels __________.

　　A) to show their fragile characteristics

　　B) to indicate their feminine features

　　C) to show women's affection for them

　　D) to emphasize their small size

        29. The author's chief argument against high heels is that ____________.

　　A) they pose a threat to lawns

　　B) they are injurious to women's health

　　C) they don't necessarily make women beautiful

　　D) they are ineffective as a weapon of defense

　　30. It can be inferred from the passage that women should _______________.

　　A) see through the very nature of fashion myths

　　B) boycott the products of the fashion industry

　　C) go to a podiatrist regularly for advice

　　D) avoid following fashion too closely

　　In department stores and closets all over the world, they are waiting. Their outward appearance seems rather appealing because they come in a variety of styles, textures, and colors. But they are ultimately the biggest deception that exists in the fashion industry today. What are they? They are high heels - a woman's worst enemy (whether she knows it or not). High heel shoes are the downfall of modern society. Fashion myths have led women to believe that they are more beautiful or sophisticated for wearing heels, but in reality, heels succeed in posing short as well as long term hardships. Women should fight the high heel industry by refusing to use or purchase them in order to save the world from unnecessary physical and psychological suffering.

　　For the sake of fairness, it must be noted that there is a positive side to high heels. First, heels are excellent for aerating(使通气)lawns. Anyone who has ever worn heels on grass knows what I am talking about. A simple trip around the yard in a pair of those babies eliminates all need to call for a lawn care specialist, and provides the perfect-sized holes to give any lawn oxygen without all those messy chunks of dirt lying around. Second, heels are quite functional for defense against oncoming enemies, who can easily be scared away by threatening them with a pair of these sharp, deadly fashion accessories.

　　Regardless of such practical uses for heels, the fact remains that wearing high heels is harmful to one's physical health. Talk to any podiatrist(足病医生), and you will hear that the majority of their business comes from high-heel-wearing women. High heels are known to cause problems such as deformed feet and torn toenails. The risk of severe back problems and twisted or broken ankles is three times higher for a high heel wearer than for a flat shoe wearer. Wearing heels also creates the threat of getting a heel caught in a sidewalk crack or a sewer-grate(阴沟栅)and being thrown to the ground-possibly breaking a nose, back, or neck. And of course, after wearing heels for a day, any woman knows she can look forward to a night of pain as she tries to comfort her swollen, aching feet.

　　31. The picture of the reading ability of the American people, drawn by the author, is _____.

　　A) rather bleak

　　B) fairly bright

　　C) very impressive

　　D) quite encouraging

　　注：选一个烂的，bleak黯淡无光

　　32. The author's biggest concern is ____________.

　　A) elementary school children's disinterest in reading classics

　　B) the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S.

　　C) the musical setting American readers require for reading

　　D) the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle class

　　33. A major problem with most adolescents who can read is ___________.

　　A) their fondness of music and TV programs

　　B) their ignorance of various forms of art and literature

　　C) their lack of attentiveness and basic understanding

　　D) their inability to focus on conflicting input

         34. The author claims that the best way a reader can show admiration for a piece of poetry or prose is ____________.

　　A) to be able to appreciate it and memorize it

　　B) to analyze its essential features

　　C) to think it over conscientiously

　　D) to make a fair appraisal of its artistic value

　　35. About the future of the arts of reading the author feels ____________.

　　A) upset

　　B) uncertain

　　C) alarmed

　　D) pessimistic

　　注：对应最后一段

　　It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of literacy. These figures from the Department of Education are sufficient: 27 million Americans cannot read at all, and a further 35 million read at a level that is less than sufficient to survive in our society.

　　But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of he middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. it has been suggested that almost 80 percent of America's literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering(闪烁)at the corner of their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it deals with simultaneous conflicting input, but every common-sense intuition suggests we should be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude(独处的状态)goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital.

　　Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of reading is a real one. Ahead of us lie technical, psychic(心理的), and social transformations probably much more dramatic than those brought about by Gutenberg, the German inventor in printing. The Gutenberg revolution, as we now know it, took a long time; its effects are still begin debated. The information revolution will touch every facet of composition, publication, distribution, and reading. No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as we've known it.

　　36. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explorers in going to unknown places in the past was ______________.

　　A) to display their country's military might

　　B) to accomplish some significant science

　　C) to find new areas for colonization

　　D) to pursue commercial and state interests

　　注：对应文章第一段

　　37. At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is _____________.

　　A) international cooperation

　　B) nationalistic reasons

　　C) scientific research

　　D) long-term profits

　　注：对应文章第三段，B和D相反都排除

　　38. What is the main goal of sending human missions to Mars?

　　A) To find out if life ever existed there.

　　B) To see if humans could survive there.

　　C) To prove the feasibility of large-scale space ventures.

　　D) To show the leading role of science in space exploration.

         39. By saying "With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been" (Line 1, Para.4), the author means that _________________.

　　A) with Mars the risks involved are much greater than any previous space ventures

　　B) in the case of Mars, the rewards of scientific exploration can be very high

　　C) in the case of Mars, much more research funds are needed than ever before

　　D) with Mars, scientists argue, the fundamental interests of science are at issue

　　注：争议太多，对应末段

　　40. The passage tells us that proof of life on Mars would _______________.

　　A) make clear the complex chemistry in the development of life

　　B) confirm the suggestion that bacterial fossils traveled to Earth on a meteorite

　　C) reveal the kind of conditions under which lie originates

　　D) provide an explanation why life is common in the universe